Modulatory Effects of Leave and Fruit Extracts of Ficus sycomorus on Cytostatic and Inflammatory Mediators in Monocultures and Co-cultures of Human Keratinocyte (HaCat) and Human Monocyte (THP-1) Cell Lines

Background: Ficus sycomorus is one of the recommended antipsoriatic medicinal plants in the traditional Greco-Arab herbal medicine. However, the knowledge on its action mechanisms is limited. Aims: Cytotoxic, cytostatic, and anti-inflammatory effects of water/ethanolic extracts of Ficus sycomorus leaves and fruits were evaluated to test their role in the traditionally known antipsoriatic properties. Place and Duration of Study: All the experiments were done in the Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Arab American University-Palestine in 2020. Plants were collected from the Northern region of the West Bank/Palestine during the fall months in 2019 and given (Voucher code: Pharm-PCT-1030) at An-Najah National University. Methodology: MTT assay was used to evaluate cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of Ficus sycomorus extracts in human skin keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), human monocytic cell line (THP-1)-derived macrophages, and their co-cultures. Commercial ELISA kits were applied to measure the cytokine levels. Results: Both extracts exhibited cytostatic effects with IC 50 of 656 ?g/mL and 886 ?g/mL for HaCat and co-culture, respectively. Leaves and fruits extracts significantly reduced dose-dependently the LPS-induced NO production by THP-1-derived macrophages from 65 ?M to 19 ?M and 16 ?M, respectively. The fruit extracts showed higher effects than the leaf extracts and reduced the TNF-? levels from 709 pg/mL to 208 pg/mL. The fruit extracts increased the production levels of IL-10 from 74 pg/mL to 90 pg/mL. Conclusion: Ficus sycomorus extracts probably exert their antipsoriatic effects through cytostatic effects and modulation of the production levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Palestine / Caracterização fenotípica e molecular de isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a fluoroquinolonas na Palestina

Fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobial agents for the treatment of Pseudomonas infections. A total of 11 isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from different clinical samples from different medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine during 2017. In this study, resistance to fluoroquinolones and secretions of β-lactamases were detected by phenotypic methods, while presence of β-lactamase gene sequences and other virulence factors were detected by PCR technique. PCR product for gyrA, parC and parE genes were sequenced for further analyses. The phylogenetic analyses, population diversity indices and haplotypes determination were conducted using computer programs MEGA version 6, DnaSP 5.1001 and median-joining algorithm in the program Network 5, respectively. Results of this study showed that the MIC for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin had a range of 32-256 µg/ml. In addition, all isolates carried either exoT or exoT and exoY genes, different β-lactamase genes and 82% of these isolates harbored class 1 integrons. Analyses of the gyrA, parC and parE sequences were found to be polymorphic, had high haplotype diversity (0.945-0.982), low nucleotide diversity (0.01225-0.02001) and number of haplotypes were 9 for each gyrA and parE genes and 10 haplotypes for parC gene. The founder haplotypes being Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27.3%) and Hap-6 (9.1%) for gyrA, parC and parE genes, respectively. Two of ParE haplotypes were detected as indel haplotypes. The Median-joining- (MJ) networks constructed from haplotypes of these genes showed a star-like expansion. The neutrality tests (Tajima’s D test and Fu’s Fs test) for these genes showed negative values. Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa strains showed high MIC level for fluoroquinolones, β-lactamase producers, carried type III secretion exotoxin-encoding genes, most of them [...].

Fluoroquinolonas são agentes antimicrobianos importantes para o tratamento de infecções por Pseudomonas. Um total de 11 bacilos isolados de P. aeruginosa foram coletados de diferentes amostras clínicas provenientes de diferentes centros médicos na Cisjordânia-Palestina durante o ano de 2017. Neste estudo, resistência a fluoroquinolonas e secreções de β-lactamases foram detectadas por métodos fenotípicos, enquanto a presença de sequências do gene β-lactamase e outros fatores de virulência foram detectados pela técnica de PCR (Proteína C-reativa). O produto de PCR para os genes gyrA, parC e parE foram sequenciados para análises posteriores. As análises filogenéticas, os índices de diversidade populacional e a determinação de haplótipos foram realizados utilizando os softwares MEGA versão 6, DnaSP 5.1001 e o algoritmo de junção de mediana do programa Network 5, respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a MIC para ciprofloxacina e norfloxacina tinha um intervalo de 32-256 µg/ml. Além disso, todos os bacilos isolados carregavam genes exoT ou exoT e exoY, genes de β-lactamase diferentes e 82% desses isolados continham integrons de classe 1. As análises das sequências gyrA, parC e parE foram consideradas polimórficas, com alta diversidade de haplótipos (0,945-0,982), baixa diversidade de nucleotídeos (0,01225-0,02001) e o número de haplótipos foi de 9 para cada gene de gyrA e parE e 10 haplótipos para o gene parC. Os haplótipos fundadores são Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27,3%) e Hap-6 (9,1%) para os genes gyrA, parC e parE, respectivamente. Dois dos haplótipos parE foram detectados como haplótipos InDel. As redes Median-joining (MJ) construídas a partir de haplótipos desses genes mostraram uma expansão semelhante à de uma estrela. Os testes de neutralidade (teste D de Tajima e teste Fs de Fu) para esses genes apresentaram valores negativos. As cepas palestinas de P. aeruginosa resistentes a fluoroquinolonas mostraram alto nível de MIC para [...].

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Palestine

Abstract Fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobial agents for the treatment of Pseudomonas infections. A total of 11 isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from different clinical samples from different medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine during 2017. In this study, resistance to fluoroquinolones and secretions of -lactamases were detected by phenotypic methods, while presence of -lactamase gene sequences and other virulence factors were detected by PCR technique. PCR product for gyrA, parC and parE genes were sequenced for further analyses. The phylogenetic analyses, population diversity indices and haplotypes determination were conducted using computer programs MEGA version 6, DnaSP 5.1001 and median-joining algorithm in the program Network 5, respectively. Results of this study showed that the MIC for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin had a range of 32-256 µg/ml. In addition, all isolates carried either exoT or exoT and exoY genes, different -lactamase genes and 82% of these isolates harbored class 1 integrons. Analyses of the gyrA, parC and parE sequences were found to be polymorphic, had high haplotype diversity (0.945-0.982), low nucleotide diversity (0.01225-0.02001) and number of haplotypes were 9 for each gyrA and parE genes and 10 haplotypes for parC gene. The founder haplotypes being Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27.3%) and Hap-6 (9.1%) for gyrA, parC and parE genes, respectively. Two of ParE haplotypes were detected as indel haplotypes. The Median-joining- (MJ) networks constructed from haplotypes of these genes showed a star-like expansion. The neutrality tests (Tajimas D test and Fus Fs test) for these genes showed negative values. Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa strains showed high MIC level for fluoroquinolones, -lactamase producers, carried type III secretion exotoxin-encoding genes, most of them had integrase I gene and had high level of mutations in QRDR regions in gyrA, parC and parE genes. All these factors may play an important role in the invasiveness of these strains and make them difficult to treat. Isolation of these strains from different medical centers, indicate the need for a strict application of infection control measures in Medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine that aim to reduce expense and damage caused by P. aeruginosa infections. Molecular analyses showed that Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa haplotypes are not genetically differentiated; however, more mutations may exist in these strains.

Resumo Fluoroquinolonas são agentes antimicrobianos importantes para o tratamento de infecções por Pseudomonas. Um total de 11 bacilos isolados de P. aeruginosa foram coletados de diferentes amostras clínicas provenientes de diferentes centros médicos na Cisjordânia-Palestina durante o ano de 2017. Neste estudo, resistência a fluoroquinolonas e secreções de -lactamases foram detectadas por métodos fenotípicos, enquanto a presença de sequências do gene -lactamase e outros fatores de virulência foram detectados pela técnica de PCR (Proteína C-reativa). O produto de PCR para os genes gyrA, parC e parE foram sequenciados para análises posteriores. As análises filogenéticas, os índices de diversidade populacional e a determinação de haplótipos foram realizados utilizando os softwares MEGA versão 6, DnaSP 5.1001 e o algoritmo de junção de mediana do programa Network 5, respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a MIC para ciprofloxacina e norfloxacina tinha um intervalo de 32-256 µg/ml. Além disso, todos os bacilos isolados carregavam genes exoT ou exoT e exoY, genes de -lactamase diferentes e 82% desses isolados continham integrons de classe 1. As análises das sequências gyrA, parC e parE foram consideradas polimórficas, com alta diversidade de haplótipos (0,945-0,982), baixa diversidade de nucleotídeos (0,01225-0,02001) e o número de haplótipos foi de 9 para cada gene de gyrA e parE e 10 haplótipos para o gene parC. Os haplótipos fundadores são Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27,3%) e Hap-6 (9,1%) para os genes gyrA, parC e parE, respectivamente. Dois dos haplótipos parE foram detectados como haplótipos InDel. As redes Median-joining (MJ) construídas a partir de haplótipos desses genes mostraram uma expansão semelhante à de uma estrela. Os testes de neutralidade (teste D de Tajima e teste Fs de Fu) para esses genes apresentaram valores negativos. As cepas palestinas de P. aeruginosa resistentes a fluoroquinolonas mostraram alto nível de MIC para fluoroquinolonas, produtores de -lactamase, genes codificadores de exotoxina de secreção tipo III, a maioria deles tinha o gene integrase I e tinha alto nível de mutações nas regiões QRDR nos genes gyrA, parC e parE. Todos esses fatores podem desempenhar um papel importante na invasão dessas cepas e torná-las difíceis de tratar. O isolamento dessas cepas em diferentes centros médicos, indica a necessidade de uma aplicação estrita de medidas de controle de infecção em centros médicos da Cisjordânia-Palestina que visam reduzir despesas e danos causados por infecções por P. aeruginosa. As análises moleculares mostraram que os haplótipos de P. aeruginosa resistentes à fluoroquinolona palestina não são geneticamente diferenciados; no entanto, mais mutações podem existir nessas cepas.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Palestine / Caracterização fenotípica e molecular de isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a fluoroquinolonas na Palestina

Fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobial agents for the treatment of Pseudomonas infections. A total of 11 isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from different clinical samples from different medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine during 2017. In this study, resistance to fluoroquinolones and secretions of ß-lactamases were detected by phenotypic methods, while presence of ß-lactamase gene sequences and other virulence factors were detected by PCR technique. PCR product for gyrA, parC and parE genes were sequenced for further analyses. The phylogenetic analyses, population diversity indices and haplotypes determination were conducted using computer programs MEGA version 6, DnaSP 5.1001 and median-joining algorithm in the program Network 5, respectively. Results of this study showed that the MIC for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin had a range of 32-256 µg/ml. In addition, all isolates carried either exoT or exoT and exoY genes, different ß-lactamase genes and 82% of these isolates harbored class 1 integrons. Analyses of the gyrA, parC and parE sequences were found to be polymorphic, had high haplotype diversity (0.945-0.982), low nucleotide diversity (0.01225-0.02001) and number of haplotypes were 9 for each gyrA and parE genes and 10 haplotypes for parC gene. The founder haplotypes being Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27.3%) and Hap-6 (9.1%) for gyrA, parC and parE genes, respectively. Two of ParE haplotypes were detected as indel haplotypes. The Median-joining- (MJ) networks constructed from haplotypes of these genes showed a star-like expansion. The neutrality tests (Tajima's D test and Fu's Fs test) for these genes showed negative values. Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa strains showed high MIC level for fluoroquinolones, ß-lactamase producers, carried type III secretion exotoxin-encoding genes, most of them had integrase I gene and had high level of mutations in QRDR regions in gyrA, parC and parE genes. All these factors may play an important role in the invasiveness of these strains and make them difficult to treat. Isolation of these strains from different medical centers, indicate the need for a strict application of infection control measures in Medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine that aim to reduce expense and damage caused by P. aeruginosa infections. Molecular analyses showed that Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa haplotypes are not genetically differentiated; however, more mutations may exist in these strains.

Fluoroquinolonas são agentes antimicrobianos importantes para o tratamento de infecções por Pseudomonas. Um total de 11 bacilos isolados de P. aeruginosa foram coletados de diferentes amostras clínicas provenientes de diferentes centros médicos na Cisjordânia-Palestina durante o ano de 2017. Neste estudo, resistência a fluoroquinolonas e secreções de ß-lactamases foram detectadas por métodos fenotípicos, enquanto a presença de sequências do gene ß-lactamase e outros fatores de virulência foram detectados pela técnica de PCR (Proteína C-reativa). O produto de PCR para os genes gyrA, parC e parE foram sequenciados para análises posteriores. As análises filogenéticas, os índices de diversidade populacional e a determinação de haplótipos foram realizados utilizando os softwares MEGA versão 6, DnaSP 5.1001 e o algoritmo de junção de mediana do programa Network 5, respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a MIC para ciprofloxacina e norfloxacina tinha um intervalo de 32-256 µg/ml. Além disso, todos os bacilos isolados carregavam genes exoT ou exoT e exoY, genes de ß-lactamase diferentes e 82% desses isolados continham integrons de classe 1. As análises das sequências gyrA, parC e parE foram consideradas polimórficas, com alta diversidade de haplótipos (0,945-0,982), baixa diversidade de nucleotídeos (0,01225-0,02001) e o número de haplótipos foi de 9 para cada gene de gyrA e parE e 10 haplótipos para o gene parC. Os haplótipos fundadores são Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27,3%) e Hap-6 (9,1%) para os genes gyrA, parC e parE, respectivamente. Dois dos haplótipos parE foram detectados como haplótipos InDel. As redes Median-joining (MJ) construídas a partir de haplótipos desses genes mostraram uma expansão semelhante à de uma estrela. Os testes de neutralidade (teste D de Tajima e teste Fs de Fu) para esses genes apresentaram valores negativos. As cepas palestinas de P. aeruginosa resistentes a fluoroquinolonas mostraram alto nível de MIC para fluoroquinolonas, produtores de ß-lactamase, genes codificadores de exotoxina de secreção tipo III, a maioria deles tinha o gene integrase I e tinha alto nível de mutações nas regiões QRDR nos genes gyrA, parC e parE. Todos esses fatores podem desempenhar um papel importante na invasão dessas cepas e torná-las difíceis de tratar. O isolamento dessas cepas em diferentes centros médicos, indica a necessidade de uma aplicação estrita de medidas de controle de infecção em centros médicos da Cisjordânia-Palestina que visam reduzir despesas e danos causados por infecções por P. aeruginosa. As análises moleculares mostraram que os haplótipos de P. aeruginosa resistentes à fluoroquinolona palestina não são geneticamente diferenciados; no entanto, mais mutações podem existir nessas cepas.

In vitro haemostatic efficacy of aqueous, methanol and ethanol plant extracts of three medicinal plant species in Palestine / Eficácia hemostática in vitro de extratos aquosos, metanólicos e etanólicos de três espécies de plantas medicinais na Palestina

Abstract The haemostatic efficacy of different extract types of Satureja thymbra L., Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) and Verbascum fruticulosum Post. (Scrophulariaceae) was evaluated in this study via the Prothrombin time (PT) and Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) analysis. Aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts of the examined plant species leaves were prepared to a final concentration 50 mg/mL. In vitro PT and aPTT assays were conducted on normal platelet poor plasma blood samples by a digital coagulation analyzer. The obtained results revealed anticoagulation activity of all investigated plant species with observed variations among them. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of T. spicata as well as the aqueous extract of S. thymbra prolonged PT values significantly (p < 0.05). While, all V. fruticulosum extract types have had no significant effect on the PT values. The recorded aPTT data showed that all aqueous extracts have had a significant effect on the blood haemostasis as they increased aPTT values in all plant species under study. Out of which, both the ethanol and methanol extracts of T. spicata and methanol extract of S. thymbra showed similar effect. Of great concern, it was clearly noticed that the aqueous and ethanol extract of T. spicata and the aqueous extract of S. thymbra possess the strongest anticoagulation effect as they increased both PT and aPTT values significantly relative to the control (p < 0.05). The variable anticoagulation bioactivity among the studied plant species could be referred to the various solvents degrees of solubility of different phyto-constituents. Thus, the efficacy of the plant species extracts evaluation as anticoagulants or coagulants were related to the plant species and to the solvent of extraction.

Resumo A eficácia hemostática de diferentes tipos de extrato de Satureja thymbra L., Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) e Verbascum fruticulosum Post. (Scrophulariaceae) foi avaliada neste estudo pelo tempo de protrombina (TP) e tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa). Os extratos aquosos, metanólicos e etanólicos das folhas das espécies de plantas examinadas foram preparados para uma concentração final de 50 mg/mL. Os ensaios de TP e TTPa in vitro foram realizados em amostras normais de sangue, pobre em plaquetas, por um analisador de coagulação digital. Os resultados obtidos revelaram atividade anticoagulante de todas as espécies de plantas investigadas, com variações observadas dentre elas. Os extratos aquosos e etanólicos de T. spicata e o extrato aquoso de S. thymbra prolongaram significativamente os valores de TP (p <0,05). Entretanto, todos os tipos de extratos de V. fruticulosum não tiveram efeito significativo sobre os valores de TP. Os dados registrados do TTPa mostraram que todos os extratos aquosos tiveram um efeito significativo na hemostase do sangue, pois aumentaram os valores de TTPa em todas as espécies de plantas em estudo. Dos quais, ambos os extratos etanólicos e metanólicos de T. spicata e o extrato metanólico de S. thymbra mostraram efeito semelhante. De grande preocupação, notou-se claramente que os extratos aquoso e etanólico de T. spicata e o extrato aquoso de S. thymbra apresentam efeito anticoagulante mais forte, aumentando os valores de TP e TTPa significativamente em relação ao controle (p <0,05). A variável bioatividade anticoagulante dentre as espécies vegetais estudadas pôde ser referida aos vários graus de solventes de solubilidade de diferentes fitoconstituintes. Assim, a eficácia da avaliação de extratos de espécies vegetais como anticoagulantes ou coagulantes foi relacionada às espécies vegetais e ao solvente de extração.

Distribución de temperatura y salinidad en campañas oceanográficas recientes en el Pacífico Tropical Oriental de Costa Rica

Introducción: Para Costa Rica, los estudios realizados en el Pacífico Tropical Este o PTE son importantes ya que se relacionan con el Corredor Marino del Pacífico Este Tropical, el cual es un esfuerzo de conservación multinacional. El presente estudio describe los parámetros físicos de temperatura del mar y salinidad del océano de las masas de agua que rodean a la Isla del Coco y su entorno, el PTE, a través del análisis de perfiles de CTD obtenidos durante campañas hidrográficas realizadas entre el año 2008 y el 2012; y comparar los resultados de los datos in-situ con los del reanálisis del modelo HYCOM-NCODA. Métodos: Se compilaron los resultados de 8 diferentes campañas científicas a la Isla del Coco de abril de 2008, marzo de 2009, abril de 2010, julio de 2011 y marzo de 2012. También se analizan las campañas de octubre de 2010 y marzo de 2011 en donde se realizó un transecto latitudinal y un transecto longitudinal en las aguas del Pacífico Tropical Este de Costa Rica. En julio de 2012 se realizaron 3 transectos latitudinales en las aguas en torno a la Isla del Coco. Las mediciones se hicieron por medio de un CTD, instrumento utilizado para determinar la conductividad, temperatura y presión de la columna de agua, entre otras variables. Resultados: Se observó la presencia de Agua Superficial Tropical en los primeros 50m de profundidad, con temperaturas superiores a 25°C y salinidades menores 33psu y Agua Sub-superficial Sub-tropical bajo los 60m con temperaturas menores a 25°C y salinidades alrededor de las 35ups. La zona de transición entre ellas se presentó entre los 50-60m. Los resultados de la temperatura del mar y la salinidad de los transectos analizados reflejan las condiciones climáticas y atmosféricas observadas, en donde se nota que las variaciones estacionales en el PTE están fuertemente influenciadas por la migración meridional de la Zona de Convergencia Inter-Tropical. Conclusiones: El estudio mostró que los datos del reanálisis del modelo de circulación general HYCOM-NCODA son comparables con los resultados de los perfiles del CTD en el PTE. La distribución de la temperatura de los muestreos tiende a ser similar a los datos del modelo oceánico y las principales diferencias se dan en la capa profunda para la salinidad, por lo que el modelo HYCOM es capaz de reproducir las características observadas en el PTE de temperatura y salinidad y puede ser usado para estudiar la dinámica tropical oceánica, en regiones más extensas y en otras épocas del año.

Introduction: In Costa Rica, studies done in the Eastern Tropical Pacific or ETP are important because of their interaction/relationship with the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape, a known multinational conservation initiative. The present study describes the physical parameters of sea temperature and salinity around Cocos Island and its environment, the ETP, using CTD profiles. Methods: Data were obtained in April 2008, March 2009, April 2010, July 2011 and March 2012 near this island. Latitudinal and longitudinal transects were also done during October 2010 and March 2011 in a broader Costa Rican ETP region. In July 2012, three latitudinal transects were done around Cocos Island. Records were obtained using a CTD, measuring conductivity, temperature and pressure, among other variables. Results: Tropical Surface Water was observed in the upper 50m, showing temperatures above 25°C and salinities below 33psu. Below the surface waters, Subsurface Subtropical Water was detected below a 60m depth, showing temperatures colder than 25°C and salinities around 35psu. The transition between these waters was around 50-60m in depth. Temperature and salinity results were related with the atmosphere conditions observed, in which ETP variability was strongly influenced by the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone migration. Conclusions: This study also showed that reanalysis data from the HYCOM-NCODA general circulation model are comparable and in a good agreement with the CTD profiles. Temperature and salinity HYCOM data also reproduced, in general terms, the main characteristics of CTD data, having some small differences in the deeper levels. This reanalysis data set could also be used to study the tropical ocean dynamics, in wider ETP regions and for different seasons.

In vitro haemostatic efficacy of aqueous, methanol and ethanol plant extracts of three medicinal plant species in Palestine

Abstract The haemostatic efficacy of different extract types of Satureja thymbra L., Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) and Verbascum fruticulosum Post. (Scrophulariaceae) was evaluated in this study via the Prothrombin time (PT) and Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) analysis. Aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts of the examined plant species leaves were prepared to a final concentration 50 mg/mL. In vitro PT and aPTT assays were conducted on normal platelet poor plasma blood samples by a digital coagulation analyzer. The obtained results revealed anticoagulation activity of all investigated plant species with observed variations among them. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of T. spicata as well as the aqueous extract of S. thymbra prolonged PT values significantly (p 0.05). While, all V. fruticulosum extract types have had no significant effect on the PT values. The recorded aPTT data showed that all aqueous extracts have had a significant effect on the blood haemostasis as they increased aPTT values in all plant species under study. Out of which, both the ethanol and methanol extracts of T. spicata and methanol extract of S. thymbra showed similar effect. Of great concern, it was clearly noticed that the aqueous and ethanol extract of T. spicata and the aqueous extract of S. thymbra possess the strongest anticoagulation effect as they increased both PT and aPTT values significantly relative to the control (p 0.05). The variable anticoagulation bioactivity among the studied plant species could be referred to the various solvents degrees of solubility of different phyto-constituents. Thus, the efficacy of the plant species extracts evaluation as anticoagulants or coagulants were related to the plant species and to the solvent of extraction.

Resumo A eficácia hemostática de diferentes tipos de extrato de Satureja thymbra L., Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) e Verbascum fruticulosum Post. (Scrophulariaceae) foi avaliada neste estudo pelo tempo de protrombina (TP) e tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa). Os extratos aquosos, metanólicos e etanólicos das folhas das espécies de plantas examinadas foram preparados para uma concentração final de 50 mg/mL. Os ensaios de TP e TTPa in vitro foram realizados em amostras normais de sangue, pobre em plaquetas, por um analisador de coagulação digital. Os resultados obtidos revelaram atividade anticoagulante de todas as espécies de plantas investigadas, com variações observadas dentre elas. Os extratos aquosos e etanólicos de T. spicata e o extrato aquoso de S. thymbra prolongaram significativamente os valores de TP (p 0,05). Entretanto, todos os tipos de extratos de V. fruticulosum não tiveram efeito significativo sobre os valores de TP. Os dados registrados do TTPa mostraram que todos os extratos aquosos tiveram um efeito significativo na hemostase do sangue, pois aumentaram os valores de TTPa em todas as espécies de plantas em estudo. Dos quais, ambos os extratos etanólicos e metanólicos de T. spicata e o extrato metanólico de S. thymbra mostraram efeito semelhante. De grande preocupação, notou-se claramente que os extratos aquoso e etanólico de T. spicata e o extrato aquoso de S. thymbra apresentam efeito anticoagulante mais forte, aumentando os valores de TP e TTPa significativamente em relação ao controle (p 0,05). A variável bioatividade anticoagulante dentre as espécies vegetais estudadas pôde ser referida aos vários graus de solventes de solubilidade de diferentes fitoconstituintes. Assim, a eficácia da avaliação de extratos de espécies vegetais como anticoagulantes ou coagulantes foi relacionada às espécies vegetais e ao solvente de extração.

Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislados de Macrophomina phaseolina asociados a caña de azúcar en México / Morphological and molecular characterization of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina associated with sugarcane in Mexico

La pudrición carbonosa, causada por Macrophomina phaseolina, es una enfermedad importante de la caña de azúcar en México. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar aislados de M. phaseolina obtenidos de caña de azúcar mediante análisis morfológicos y moleculares. La caracterización morfológica de 10 aislados se llevó a cabo con el uso de microscopia electrónica de barrido y microscopia de luz. Para confirmar la identificación, se extrajo el ADNr de 2 aislados representativos, y la región del espaciador interno transcrito (ITS) se amplificó mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y se secuenció usando los iniciadores específicos MpKF1 y MpKR1. Los aislados se identificaron como M. phaseolina con base en la morfología. El análisis de secuencias ITS mostró 100% de similitud con las secuencias de M. phaseolina depositadas en el GenBank. Para nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer estudio del mundo enfocado a caracterizar aislados de M. phaseolina obtenidos de caña de azúcar

Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease of sugarcane in Mexico. This study was carried out to characterize isolates of M. phaseolina obtained from sugarcane by the combination of morphological and molecular analyses. The morphological characterization of 10 isolates was performed using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. To confirm the morphological identification, rDNA from two representative isolates was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced using specific primers MpKF1 and MpKR1. Based on their morphological characteristics, all isolates were identified as M. phaseolina. Moreover, the analysis of two ITS sequences showed 100% similarity with the M. phaseolina sequences deposited in the GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first study in the world aimed at characterizing isolates of M. phaseolina obtained from sugarcane

La dinámica oceanográfica frente al Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe y su relación con la muerte del manglar / The oceanographic dynamic in front of Térraba-Sierpe National Wetland (HNTS) and its relation with the mangrove's death

Resumen Se estudió la dinámica de las mareas y el oleaje frente al Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe (HNTS) y su relación con los procesos de erosión y la muerte del manglar en esta región. Se encuentra que un aumento relativo del nivel del mar, ya sea generado por el basculamiento de las costas, o por calentamiento global, es el responsable de crear una nueva plataforma para el oleaje y está modificando el perfil de la costa y cambiando el tipo de sedimento sobre el cual crece el manglar. Una mayor deposición de sedimentos sobre la región norte de este delta, mantiene el equilibrio de este sistema en esta zona, donde más bien hay una ganancia de sedimentos en la isla al frente de la desembocadura del Río Grande de Térraba. Un menor aporte de sedimentos del Rio Sierpe está generando una migración tierra adentro de este sistema estuarino frente a esta región, lo cual es un síntoma de un aumento relativo del nivel del mar. Los escenarios futuros sobre una mayor energía del oleaje, y de un continuo aumento del nivel del mar, no permitirán un equilibrio en la dinámica de los sedimentos, especialmente sobre la parte sur de este delta, por lo que continuará perdiendo la cobertura del manglar en este sistema estuarino.

Abstract The Térraba-Sierpe Reserve has the largest mangrove in Costa Rica but has suffered from changes in sea level. I used published data to analyze the area and found that sea level rise, generated by coast subsidence or global warming, created a new platform for waves and changed the beach profile and sediment type. Increased sediment deposition on the north maintains the balance of this system, with a sediment gain on the island in front of the Térraba river mouth. A lower sediment output from the Sierpe river is generating a landward delta migration, especially in the southern part, a symptom of local sea level rise. Future scenarios of greater wave energy and additional sea level rise will not allow a dynamic sediment balance, especially on the southern part of the delta, and will generate a loss mangrove cover. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 29-46. Epub 2015 April 01.

Rasgos morfológicos alrededor de la Isla del Coco y de sus montes submarinos vecinos, Pacífico de Costa Rica / Morphological features around Isla del Coco and its adjacent seamounts, Pacific Costa Rica

The UNESCO GEBCO-08 bathymetric data was used to study the marine provinces around Isla del Coco. Seamounts with depths of less than 1000m from the sea surface were analyzed. Seamounts southward, south- eastward and westward of the island, were identified at depths of 300m from the sea surface, and with heights up to 2700m from the marine bottom. The ecological interconnection of these mountains with Isla del Coco has to be effective, as it could also be within the biological corridor of Eastern Tropical Pacific. A better resolution study around Isla del Coco was done to identify details of the insular platform. A seamount to 14.8km northeast of the island was found, with measured depths of 30-40m, and so far, not reported. This feature explains the presence of fishermen around this site, which is known by them as a place with high productivity. Although more studies are needed, the limits and environmental policies should be modified so as to adequately protect these seamounts, which probably have an important ecological connection with Isla del Coco. Citation: Lizano, O.G. 2012. Rasgos morfológicos alrededor de la Isla del Coco y de sus montes submarinos vecinos, Pacífico de Costa Rica.

Se utilizaron los datos batimétricos GEBCO-08 de la UNESCO para estudiar las provincias marinas alrededor de la Isla del Coco. Se analizaron las montañas submarinas que tuvieran menos de 1000m de profundidad en esta cordillera. Montes submarinos localizados al sur, sureste y oeste de la isla, fueron identificados con profundidades de 300m desde la superficie del mar, y con alturas de hasta 2700m desde el fondo marino. La interconexión ecológica con la Isla del Coco de estos montes debe ser efectiva, como lo serán también dentro del corredor biológico del Pacifico Tropical Este. Se realizó un estudio particular de mayor resolución alrededor de la Isla del Coco para identificar los alcances de la plataforma de la isla. Se encontró un monte submarino a 14.8km al noreste de la isla, con profundidades medidas de 30-40m, que no había sido reportado. Con este rasgo submarino se explica la presencia de pescadores alrededor del este sitio, un sitio conocido en el ambiente de los pescadores, pero que aún no se había asociado a algún fenómeno oceánico en particular. Aunque más estudio es necesario, de comprobarse la conectividad biológica entre los montes submarinos y la Isla del Coco, los límites y las políticas ambientales deberán ser modificados, de manera que se proteja adecuadamente este sistema ecológico.

Un método para evaluar el enriquecimiento de metales en sedimentos marinos en Costa Rica / A method to evaluate metal enrichment in marine sediments

A method to evaluate metal enrichment in marine sediments. In order to evaluate metal enrichment in sediments , a method is proposed and tested in Bahia Culebra and the Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica through the normalization of the elements against aluminum, and by linear regression of the logarithm of the concentrations of different elements respect to aluminum. The distributions of the elements manganese, and strontium of Bahía Culebra did not satisfy the tests of normalization and linear regression, indicating a nonnatural distribution or enrichment of these elements in this region. In the Golfo de Nicoya the elements copper , zinc , rubidium and the strontium did not satisfy the test of normality or the linear regression with respect to aluminum, indicating a possible enrichment of these elements. The majority of the concentrations of the elements in two sample sites, with the exception of chromium, are within the natural ranges in rocks or clays of marine sediments, and within the concentration ranges of other studies done in these same regions. Chromium has average values beyond the natural concentrations, the values of some samples in the Golfo de Nicoya are up to 10 times greater than the concentration value of a typical bay with high contamination of this element.

Se propone un método para evaluar enriquecimiento de metales en sedimentos de Bahía Culebra y en el Golfo de Nicoya de Costa Rica a través de la normalización de los elementos y el aluminio usando la regresión lineal de las concentraciones de los elementos y el Aluminio. Las distribuciones de los elementos manganeso y el estroncio de Bahía Culebra no cumplen con las pruebas de normalización y de regresión lineal, indicando una distribución no natural o enriquecimiento de estos elementos en esta región. En el Golfo de Nicoya los elementos cobre, zinc, rubidio y el estroncio no cumplen ya sea con la hipótesis de normalidad o con la regresión lineal respecto al aluminio, indicando un posible enriquecimiento de estos elementos en esta región. La mayoría de las concentraciones de los elementos tanto en ambos sitios de muestreo, con excepción del cromo, se encuentran dentro de los ámbitos naturales encontrados en las rocas o en las arcillas de sedimentos marinos a nivel mundial, y dentro de los ámbitos de las concentraciones de otros estudios realizados en estas mismas regiones. El cromo muestra valores promedio más allá de las concentraciones naturales, siendo la concentración de algunas muestras en el Golfo de Nicoya hasta diez veces mayores que el valor de una bahía con alta contaminación de este elemento.

Relationship between procrastination and self esteem among nursing undergraduate students' at ALZaytoonah University

Procrastination is an act of delaying, postponing, oravoiding tasks that must be completed. It leads to poor school performance and more negative thinking. The present study aims at investigating procrastination among undergraduate students and correlates it to their self esteem. Sample size was 152 students recruited by stratified random sampling technique. Data for the present study were collected by using two types of tools, one for measuring procrastination and the other for measuring self esteem. Findings of the present study indicated that the highest mean in procrastination and self esteem was found among students in the third year, while the lowest mean in both variables was shown with students in the first level. There is moderate significant correlation between procrastination and self esteem. Based on the study findings it is recommended that it is important to understand the reasons behind procrastination among students to help nurse educators in identifying appropriate strategies and interventions and helping them overcome such behavior and improve their self esteem. Teaching strategies must be clear to indicate for the students their load in accomplishing curriculum objectives and help them develop time schedule relevant to achieve their tasks

Algunas características de las corrientes marinas en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica / Some features of ocean currents in Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica

Se estudia la estructura espacial y vertical de las corrientes en el Golfo de Nicoya y su relación con los ciclos de marea usando correntímetros. Se encuentra que en el interior del golfo, la variación vertical de las corrientes marinas aumenta conforme aumenta la profundidad. La estación de Isla Chira muestra un menor grado de variación, tanto en corrientes como en temperatura. La estación entre Isla San Lucas y Puntarenas es la más estratificada en flujos en esta región. Se midieron magnitudes de corrientes sobre los 100 cm/seg durante mareas vivas extraordinarias. Se encontraron desfases del quiebre o cambio de flujo de las mareas entre superficie y fondo, de hasta 100 minutos. En general en esta parte interna los flujos son hacia el interior del Golfo cuando la marea está entrando y hacia el exterior, cuando la marea está bajando. En el exterior del Golfo la circulación es más compleja. A lo largo de un eje Tárcoles-Negritos, se identifican flujos que rotan de manera distinta entre superficie y fondo, cuyos patrones no pueden ser fácilmente explicados según los ciclos de la marea respecto a predicciones mareales en Puntarenas. Estos resultados demuestran que la variación espacial de las corrientes marinas del Golfo de Nicoya está relacionada no solo a la estructura termohalina, sino que también, a los ciclos y ámbitos de las mareas que se producen en este cuerpo de agua

The spatial and vertical structure of the water currents and its relationship with the tidal cycles were studied using current meters in the Gulf of Nicoya. In the upper gulf, the vertical marine current differences increase as the depth increases. The water column at the station near Chira Island (upper gulf) shows the smaller changes in currents and in temperature. The flow at the station between San Lucas Island and Puntarenas (middle gulf) is the most stratified in this region. Currents with magnitudes over 100 cm/seg were measured during spring tides. Changes in the lags of the surface and bottom tidal flows were measured on the order of 100 minutes. In general, in this upper region the flows are toward the head of the gulf when the tide is flooding and toward the mouth when the tide is ebbing. In the lower gulf the circulation is more complex. Along an axis between Tárcoles and Negritos Islands, changes of velocity vectors are identified between surface and bottom. The current rotates in a different way in the water column in this region and their patterns cannot be explained only by the tidal cycles predicted for Puntarenas. These results demonstrate that the spatial and vertical variation of the marine currents of the Gulf of Nicoya is not only related to the thermohaline structure, but also to the tidal cycles and tide ranges that take place in this estuary

Caracterización de manglares de Centroamérica con sensores remotos / Characterization of Central America's mangrove with remote sensors

Satellite images were used to study the mangrove distribution patterns in two different climatic regions of Central America: Gulf of Fonseca in Honduras-El Salvador and Sierpe-Térraba in Costa Rica. The Gulf of Fonseca has higher temperature and solar radiation, and lower precipitation, which can explain the higher structural development and species mixing of the Sierpe-Térraba mangrove. In the latter the transition between species or between heights in the same species is clear. The automatic classification made by the Geographic Information System (IDRISI) fits well the field mangrove distribution, but it was necessary to regroup some subdivisions that represent the same land use as identified by transects and an aerial video. Mixed species and clouds produced less satisfactory results in Sierpe-Térraba indicating a need for better satellite image resolution.

Batimetría de la plataforma insular alrededor de la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica / The bathymetry of the insular platgorm aroubd Coco's Island, Costa Rica

The bathymetry of Coco's Island (UNESCO Natural and Cultural World Patrimony), located approximately 500 km from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is not well known. It has a high marine biodiversity and also represents a meeting site for many species traveling throughout the Pacific Ocean. The insular shelf is irregular in extension and also in bathymetric features. The northeast limit is defined by the 109.8-128.1 m contours (60-70 fathoms) while the 183 m contour (100 fathoms) practically defines the rest of the island, from which the depth gradient is steep. The maximum extension is to the northeast with a longitude of 13 km. In this context the present limits of the marine park (5 km), are insufficient to protect the whole insular shelf. Current regulation should be modified to prevent fishing activities less than 15 km from the Island.

Los aspectos actitudinales en el diagnóstico de la personalidad: búsqueda de la capacidad discriminativa del diferencial semántico / Attitude aspects in the personality diagnosis: search for semantic differential discriminative capacity

Se exploran las interrelaciones entre la estructura eysenckiana de personalidad y la evaluación connotativa-afectiva de conceptos como reflejo de respuestas actitudinales. A una muestra de 296 adultos jóvenes se le aplicó el Cuestionario de Personalidad de Eysenck (EPQ: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) y una versión propia del diferencial semántico (DS) integrada por 10 conceptos valorados a través de 10 escalas adjetivales. La pertenencia a un determinado subgrupo tipológico (SGT) -basado en la combinación simultánea de los puntajes en las variables de personalidad E (extraversión) y N (neuroticismo)- parece ser responsable de la resonancia afectiva diferencial. Los SGT de los EC y los IC evaluaron más favorablemente los conceptos "yo", "trabajo" y "vida" que los EN y los IN. Se observaron tendencias entre los SGT de neuróticos a marcar respuestas extremas y entre los SGT de controlados a marcar respuestas intermedias. Los conceptos yo, trabajo y vida fueron los más discriminativos a nivel tipológico y debería verificarse su capacidad diferencial

Manejo quirúrgico de la hernia inguinal en el Hospital Central de Policia Nacional / Surgical management of the groin hernia in the Police Hospital

Se presenta una revisión retrospectiva de los últimos cinco años (1988 a 1992) del manejo quirúrgico de la hernia inguinal, reportándose 875 casos, de los cuales 8.57 por ciento corresponde al tratamiento de hernias inguinales recidivadas. No hay predominio entre la forma de presentación: directa (420) e indirecta (410). Destaca la evolución en el empleo de las diferentes técnicas operatorias, que han conllevado a una disminución en los rangos de recidiva y el tratamiento de las mismas, a través del abordaje preperitoneal, incluído el uso de material protésico por esta vía (Malla de polipropilene).

Estandarización argentina de los cuestionarios de personalidad de Eysenck / Standarization for Argentina of Eysenck's self descriptive personality questionnaires

Se presentan los baremos argentinos del Eynseck Personality Inventory (EPI) y del Eynseck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), obtenidos en amplias muestras (N=4000) de varones y mujeres, pertenecientes a diferentes estratos cronológicos y representantes de distintas zonas del país. Para cada puntaje directo, posible de ser obtenido frente a cada una de las principales dimensiones de personalidad exploradas por los cuestionarios de Eynseck, se calculan las correspondientes puntuaciones estandarizadas. Se ofrecen baremos en términos de puntuaciones z (lineales) y de nota T (lineales normalizadas), como así también los correspondientes porcentajes de área bajo la distribución normal . Se determinan las diferencias a nivel estadístico ("t" de Student), entre los baremos ingleses -en uso en nuestro país y resto de latinoamérica- y los obtenidos en el presente estudio en base a muestras de sujetos argentinos. Se logra trazar un perfil discriminativo de la personalidad del argentino medio